Tuesday, August 5, 2008

Pelajaran - The Entrepreneurial Mindset


Book ID: BENT475403
Category: Business, Economics, Investment, Finance, Accounting
Book Title: The Entrepreneurial Mindset: Strategies for Continuously Creating Opportunity in an Age of Uncertainty
Authors: Rita Gunther McGrath and Ian MacMillan
Publication Year: 2000



Chapter 6: Building Breakthrough Competences

We will focus on entrepreneurial opportunities you can create by deliberately reconfiguring your company's competences—the combination of skills, assets, and systems you use to compete—to change the business model for your existing business or to create a business model for an entirely new venture.
We present some ways to assess where you are with respect to target competitors and to identify new ways to beat competitors on criteria that increase your profits and profitability.

There are two realities that no organization can avoid.
The first is the reality that competitors simply cannot allow you to go unchallenged and must try to erode your position. Understanding where to create a competitive position that cannot easily be overcome is thus essential.
The second reality is that you are not only competing with other organizations in customer markets. You are also competing with them in the capital markets for the critical funds you need to build future competitive position.

To cope with these two realities, you must demonstrate that your organization has what it takes to beat the competition in one simple way: creating superior ability to deliver on one or more key ratios that drive profitability in your business. Key ratios are measurable components of your business model that allow your business to be compared to others and that give you an early indication of where your opportunities are taking your profit growth. You can use your insight into these ratios to build new competences.

The key ratio concept invokes a core discipline you'll need to develop an entrepreneurial mindset. This is to make things as simple as possible, and to stay focused. Understanding your ratios and developing new ones will allow you to know when you are performing well (or badly) and how to target the few critical areas that will make a true, competitive difference.


a) Identifying Key Ratios

In established industries, time and experience eventually create a consensus .. ratios.

As a consequence, two of the key ratios commonly used by airlines analysts are cost per passenger-mile flown and passenger yield (meaning the overall percentage of the seats on the planes that are filled).

In the insurance industry, therefore, managers and analysts look at the loss ratio (the proportion of losses claimed to premium revenue received), the expense ratio (the proportion of sales and general administrative expenses to premium revenue received), and the combined ratio (a mix of the two).
Interestingly, many companies in the insurance industry today earn the bulk of their profits not on their underwriting, but on the investment yield that they earn after premiums are received and before losses are claimed.

Retailers face a different challenge. Conventional bricks-and-mortar stores have only so much floor space for the display and sale of items. This space limitation has for years led analysts of retail stores to use ratios such as same-store sales (in which sales for one period at one store are compared with a similar previous period) and sales per square foot (either compared to the store's previous record, or compared to the performance of different stores).

Higher stock turnover means that more stock is moved, less money is tied up in working capital and the company can enjoy greater velocity of sales, all of which have a positive impact on profitability. Another key ratio in traditional retail businesses is thus inventory turns, on an annual basis, meaning the number of times inventory must be restocked per year.

In new industries, or industries whose value chain is undergoing rapid change, it's harder to determine which key ratios to use. For instance, nobody yet knows what the critical ratios are for e-businesses (Should the model be transaction based? Should it be an advertising model? Will customers prefer fixed prices or dynamic pricing?).

Online business focusing on two new revenue model ratios: revenue per click and revenue per transaction.

The reason key ratios are such a powerful device for directing entrepreneurial thinking is that they help align the efforts of everyone in the company around a common set of measures. Describing and consistently using these ratios makes abstract statements about strategy more concrete for people and helps focus their energies. Kept simple and meaningful, key ratios can be crucial.

The guiding principle is that the model should be used to help the manager achieve a ten-x target, meaning, a contribution of 10 percent growth in profits and 10 percent better profitability for the manager's business compared with last year (if an ongoing business). If it is a new business, the ten-x target would be a 10 percent performance improvement over the manager's average business. Asking managers to boil down the business challenge to a few key ratios makes their challenges in achieving the ten-x goal more realistic. Setting key ratios in this concrete, realistic way allows our entrepreneur to operate many businesses (at last count, he had more than thirty in his portfolio) with a high level of assurance that the critical issues will be addressed without
his having to micromanage people.

b) Applying Key Ratio Analysis to Remodel a Business

A manager transformed his business by first determining what the most important key ratios were, then creating the organizational competences to do better on these ratios than the competition did.

Distribution businesses in general have a well-known set of key ratios, so we started with these.These were the percentage of customers who made the firm their first choice and the employee satisfaction index, which we thought would reflect how well employees were being managed and which would in turn influence customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Key Ratio Analysis for an Industrial Distribution Business
Annual sales growth
Margins
Percent "preferred choice" customers
Inventory turns
Fixed-asset turns
Days receivables
Deliveries within expected time frame
Error rates
Employee satisfaction index
Debt-to-equity ratio

Competitive weaknesses can lead you to discover new opportunities, which emerge as you learn to overcome weaknesses through the creation of new combinations of skills, assets, and systems—or competences. New competences can generate entrepreneurial profits in two ways.
First, if you can deliver what customers already want and expect (basic attributes) but do so at a lower cost than your competitors do, you can generate better margins than the competition's, even without price premiums.
Second, if you deliver more positive and/or fewer negative attributes than your competitors do, you can get premium prices or better payment terms.

Further analysis showed that our client did very well with those customer segments who simultaneously had a high need for on-time deliveries and staffed a large inventory-management operation. Years of focus by our client on on-time delivery had resulted in relatively good performance in this area.

For another segment, packing errors created enormous problems at the receipt link in their consumption chain. They tended to be contractors without the budget to keep a lot of inventory around and without the staff to handle incorrect shipments. For them, the process of identifying errors, correcting the paperwork, and returning incorrect items was enormously costly—to the point that some would keep the incorrect items rather than go through the hassle of returning them.

We found that the top competitors were turning inventory faster, getting paid more quickly, using less debt to finance operations, and capturing slightly higher margins than our clients were. These gaps suggested a need to think through what new competences might be needed (1) to bring our client's competitive profile up to industry standard and (2) to create new areas of distinctiveness.

The manager started by setting up an internal task force to identify what could be done about the customer preferred choice percentage. He organized a mix of sales, delivery, marketing, and telephone service people to complete a consumption chain analysis for key customer segments. His reasoning was that if the company could improve repeat sales, it could maximize the returns it would receive as a result of addressing the newly identified operational problems and make the most of the investments made to create those customer relationships in the first place.

They could come up with a way to do much better than the industry with respect to the time needed to collect receivables, the competences put in place to achieve this could be a significant source of profit growth. By collecting more, faster, without increasing costs, the firm could increase profits without increasing investment. The result is a productivity enhancement, which could contribute to superior competitive performance.

Our client's company was using an unwieldy twenty-year-old system to manage inventory and deliveries. The programs were old and hard to maintain. To feed the system, someone had developed a set of arcane commodity codes for items. The codes were nonintuitive and lengthy. The process of getting customer orders in and generating picking and packing instructions was largely paper-based and depended on special printers that pumped out multiple carbon copies of orders. By the time the last copy had been printed (the one used by the stock pickers), it was smudged and difficult to read. Not only that, but the organization of the warehouse had changed little since the computer was installed. It had not kept pace with changing customer demand patterns, which made
it difficult for stock pickers to locate new items. Even worse, the whole invoicing and payment system depended on paper copies and manual reconciliation, as this operation had never been integrated with the stocking system.

The result of all this was that customers found it hard to order what they needed and often ordered incorrectly. The pickers in the warehouse found it hard to get the right stuff off the shelves. The packers, similarly, found it difficult to match up the items picked with original orders and delivery instructions. Finally, the whole invoicing system was so complicated that customers were perennially late in paying the company because (among other problems) they couldn't figure out why they owed what they owed!

All the preceding situations translated into a barrage of negative attributes throughout the consumption chain. A substantial percentage of orders and invoices were contested. Customers received deliveries that reflected incorrect orders on their part or orders that were packed incorrectly. In these cases, unwanted items had to be repacked and shipped back, items had to be reordered and resent, and everybody's nerves became frayed in the process. This put the company at a competitive disadvantage, even relative to slower-delivering competitors.

At first, the task force groups recommended tackling the problems piecemeal, by adding staff in quality control and inspection, for instance.He begin a process of reconfiguring the competences of the firm.

Using the two new key ratios, the customer first-choice percentage and the employee satisfaction index, to explain his reasoning to his people, he showed how the numbers were interrelated. If operations could be improved to lower error rates, returns should drop. This in turn would reduce receivables and allow better control—and therefore, faster turnover—of inventories, which would in turn improve asset utilization. Better performance on packing should help the repeat purchasing process, which in turn should allow greater volumes and better margins on the same asset base.

Borrowing a page from the just-in-time movement, in which companies cut down on inventory costs by obtaining materials close in time to when they will be used, our client found that he could generate considerable economies for customers by promising to deliver goods on an as-needed basis in the amounts needed for a particular job. This was a major advance over prevailing practice, in which customers ordered lots of extra supplies and let them sit around until needed to avoid being caught short. By capturing data on customer use, the company could be more proactive—reminding customers when they had forgotten something they usually ordered, for instance.

To make this vision concrete, the firm began to build what (at the time) was a highly innovative electronic data interchange ordering system based on the Internet. The system replaced cumbersome inventory codes with simple descriptions and pictures. Customers could order on-line without filling out a single form on paper. Moreover, customers could call up past orders, sorted in a number of ways (by similar items, by time of year, by nature of project), so that all they had to do was make minor adjustments and submit the order as new. In the warehouse, a reorganized stocking system utilized electronic identification tags to help employees find items, pack them, and ship them, significantly reducing the error rate.

There was a price in terms of heavy investment in systems development and information technology (IT) equipment and in personnel retraining. Initially, this investment was expected to reduce fixed-asset turns and require a higher debt-to-equity ratio. Being realistic about the investments that will be required to upgrade competences is as much a part of the entrepreneurial discipline as any other part of the process.

Assessing and Developing Competences
To determine the relative value of various competences to the firm, it is useful to divide them into three categories: mandatory, distinctive, and latent.
a) Mandatory competences give you competitive parity. Creating or acquiring the competences that allow your company to meet industry (or major competitor) performance .. ratios is not optional if you are to sustain your competitive position. Activities that allow you to deliver nonnegotiable attributes and avoid dissatisfying ones seldom convey a significant advantage. Not having them, however, can put you at a major disadvantage.

b) Distinctive competences give you comparative advantage. These are the activities that lead to differentiating attributes. They allow a firm to deliver performance that positively differentiates it from competitors on a key ratio. This difference may be in value to the customer, in which case the company can generate better margins over alternative offerings by getting premium prices, or in efficiency, in which case the company can generate better margins by operating more productively.

c) Latent competences are possible activities through which your company could offer future differentiating or nonnegotiable attributes. Major sources of future competitive advantage typically emerge from the mobilization of latent competences.[7] DuPont's ability to produce Gore-Tex, for instance, grew out of its existing ability to manufacture Teflon. In consumer applications, Gore-Tex eventually became wildly successful in ways that were unforeseen at the time of its invention, including by DuPont, who licensed it to W. L. Gore!

If you cannot at least match competitive benchmarks, you will not be able to match competitors' prices or other positive attributes for very long and success in the marketplace will not be attainable, or at least sustainable. Furthermore, if you can't outperform competitors on at least one industry benchmark, you probably cannot deliver the kind of profits needed to attract prime investors in your competition for capital.

The Building Blocks of Distinctive Competences for GEFS (GE Financial Services)
The main drivers of profitability in this business are the ability to evaluate potential customers' creditworthiness, to handle huge numbers of transaction records efficiently and flawlessly, to manage cash flows with skill, and, of course, to collect on defaulted payments. Among the many competences the company developed, the most fascinating to us was its competence in handling delinquent accounts. At one stage, the GEFS bad-debts-to-book ratio—a critical benchmark for industry profitability—had dropped as much as 30 percent below industry norms.

Consider the difference once GEFS began to focus on creating significant competences in the handling of delinquent accounts.
Today, potential delinquent payments are identified by an electronic tracking system. Once a potential delinquent is identified, an automatic dialing system is activated and places a call to the customer every twenty minutes. When a real voice answers the phone, the call is immediately switched to a carefully selected and highly trained GEFS representative. Taking cues from a comprehensive on-line record of all the information GEFS has about the customer, the representative uses her training to compose a highly personalized conversation with the delinquent. (Most representatives are women, who generally tend to be less confrontational than men are in this uncomfortable situation.). In particular, she has been carefully selected for her skill at very nicely and politely but equally firmly persuading delinquents to pay their bills.[9] In addition, GEFS has developed automatic systems to eliminate paper handling and to keep her from wasting her time on anything other than using this skill. Thus, the system brings up records as appropriate and saves the information in a central file without requiring the representative to handle the forms manually. Should her approach not succeed, the debt can be referred to the collections department for further action. GEFS thus developed a distinctive competence—a combination of delinquency-handling skills, assets, and systems that for many years allowed it to incur a cost of bad debt on installment loans that was far below the industry average for durable goods loans.

a) The first building block is an entrepreneurial insight that is not widely shared. In the case of GEFS, it was early insight into the behavior of
delinquent customers. For the industrial distribution company, it was insight into how the company could help its customers compete.

b) The second building block is determining the linkage between the entrepreneurial insight and the key ratios that fuel performance. For GEFS, the critical linkage was time—if potential delinquents could be reached during the time at which they felt most uncomfortable with their failure to pay, the company would have to spend less money and would likely collect more than if it allowed these customers to become hard-core delinquents. The critical linkage of the distribution company had to do with a different kind of time. The company developed ways for its customers to get on with their businesses without spending time on obtaining routine supplies. By helping the customers compete, the business improved customers' propensity to repurchase.

c) The third building block is the creation of a combination of skills, assets, and systems that allow the company to achieve a distinctive level of performance with respect to the identified linkage. Thus, GEFS's investment in building the persuasion skills of its delinquency handlers by careful selection and training can be connected directly to its achievement of better collection results, and its investment in assets and systems to leverage the persuasive skills of its staff achieved maximum leverage. For the industrial distributor, the information intensity and responsiveness of the new system directly affected customer satisfaction and propensity to repurchase. Further, in dismantling its old system, the distributor was able to leverage employee skills that had been underutilized—their ability to relate to and creatively serve their customers.


In order to capture above-average returns, the company needs to create a competitive position that competitors will find difficult to attack.
A dilemma, however, is that to capture a legitimate position in the capital markets, you must explain your strategy to analysts and investors in a way that is compelling and believable. This forces you to share critical elements of how you plan to compete. Understanding the key ratio idea can help you to tell a convincing story without necessarily giving up critical insight.

What they would not have seen is the entrepreneurial insight into how emotions affect the customer's propensity to pay. Even if they put the same training program and computer systems in place, these competitors would not be privy to one crucial element—the insight that makes it all meaningful.

Setting the Stage for Competence Creation
The first task is to identify the seven to ten benchmark ratios that you believe to be behind profit growth in a business like yours.

The next step is putting these numbers together in a comparison table.Comparisons can often be found with a little persistence. Data has often been collected by commercial bankers and investment analysts to assess the relative performance of competitors. Data may also be also available in publications like Value Line, in on-line data services like Compustat, and through industry associations.

Benchmarking against private companies can provide a bit more of a challenge, as they are not required to report large amounts of data. You may need more extensive intelligence gathering to make estimates of these competitors' performance.[14] For instance, you might rely on inferences based on responses to bids, or on information from key customers or knowledgeable industry experts.

Once your benchmarks are in hand, your next step is to understand how each group within your company influences performance on the key ratios, which in turn affects the profitability of your business model. People can compete much more effectively if they see enough of the big picture to understand their role in profit growth. Linking functional activities to competitive benchmarks is crucial. Unless all the members of the firm know what connects their day-to-day actions with the firm's performance factors, how can they possibly know how best to contribute to profitability?[

You are now ready to begin addressing the gaps (whether positive or negative) between your performance and that of your competitors. Adverse gaps represent opportunities for competence development. The critical question becomes one of generating some kind of insight around which you could build a distinctive competitive position.

You may already have these insights in your opportunity register. Scan it for indicators that would suggest you have a significant opportunity to do better on a particular benchmark.

With your new insight, you can take specific steps to create new competences. The more specific you can be about the outcome and the linkages, the easier it will be for your people to execute your ideas.

Summary of Action Steps
The action steps that follow are meant to get you started on the concepts and processes discussed in the chapter. Feel free to elaborate in a way that works for your company.

Step 1: Create a short list of the seven to ten key ratios associated with growth and profitability for your business model. If you have multiple businesses with different business models, you will need a different set of ratios for each of them.

Step 2: Collect data on your performance on each of these key ratios as well as on competitors' performance and put together a table similar to table 6-1. Identify gaps, both positive and negative.

Step 3: Whenever you are below competitive parity on one or more key ratios, repeat the five-whys exercise in chapter 5 to begin to understand why. Involve people with exposure to the diverse functions of your firm, so that they can help you make the necessary linkages among different operations. Document your findings.

Step 4: If none of your key ratios shows that you have a distinctive competence, you at least have an opportunity to build new competences. Scan the opportunity register, repeat the consumption chain and attribute mapping activities described in chapters 2 and 3, or do both, with the objective of uncovering insights that might form the basis of a new, distinctive competence.

Step 5: Building on these insights, start first to consider what you can do to attain competitive parity on most of the important ratios and second to
create distinctiveness relative to competitors on at least one ratio.

Step 6: The best ideas should be entered into the opportunity register, especially if they offer the potential for major improvements in productivity.



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Friday, August 1, 2008

Pelajaran - Business Strategy


Book Title: Business Strategy: A Guide to Effective Decision-Making
Authors: Jeremy Kourdi
Publication Year: 2003



Chapter 7: Strategies for Growth


The different routes to growth fall broadly into five options:
 Organic growth
 Mergers and acquisitions
 Integration
 Diversification
 Specialisation


A) Organic growth

This is when a business grows from its own resources. Organic growth can happen because the market is growing or because a firm is doing increasingly better than its competitors or is going into new markets.

Exploiting a product advantage can sustain organic growth; examples are a law firm with a star partner or a software firm with a unique programme.

Organic growth normally requires launching new products or product extensions, entering new markets or establishing wider distribution networks and sales agency agreements, or licensing or franchising.

Organic growth depends on a number of things outlined below:

i) Core competences and capabilities
by identifying and exploiting synergies across different parts of an organisation's activities;
by structuring the organisation to take advantage of "priority" opportunities; and
by creating a culture that is able to spot opportunities when they arise and make the most of them.

ii) Planning
iii) Time

It requires patience, application and strong, focused leadership to keep the strategy on course and maintain support for it.

iv) Cash

Cash is needed to pay for expansion and new developments, either by taking on new staff, buying in new resources (such as it systems), developing and producing new products or undertaking marketing initiatives.

B) Mergers and acquisitions

The fastest route to growth is through an acquisition or merger. But more than half fail to add value and they are notoriously difficult to pull off

successfully.

One is that mergers between titans will result in an even larger titan, too cumbersome to operate flexibly and efficiently, which in many industries (and certainly for technology-based businesses) is vital. In this view, a merger results in:
 more bureaucracy;
 diminishing returns negating the benefits of increases in size and capacity for production;
 diseconomies of scale, swallowing huge quantities of capital and causing organisational lethargy;
 a lumbering giant that will be outpaced and outsmarted by smaller rivals.

The second, more optimistic, view is that mergers result in organisations that:
 achieve economies of scale and are more efficient;
 are stable and broadly based;
 have the intellectual capital and management infrastructure that will allow them to deal effectively with market change.

They most closely resemble Herculean giants, gods among markets, operating with faultless precision, in-depth experience and fluid efficiency to maximise revenue.
This works best in industries where there are only a few main competitors.

We recognise that integrating two cultures–each with its own distinct heritage–is a challenge. But the success of the combined company depends upon building a strong common culture.

Fiorina believed that the merger would diversify both HP and Compaq, broadening their reach into different markets. . She believed that the combined company would be a formidable force benefiting from:
 increased capital assets, enabling economies of scale;
 opportunities to gain a hold or a share of a new market (whether identified by territory or product);
 the opportunity to restructure and refocus the company;
 additional channels to control the supply of goods and the supply to customers (as with mergers between companies in different sections of the supply chain);
 diminished competition, as a result of two principal firms in a market merging to increase their market share.


Arguments against the merger

As the HP management statement of September 2001 accepted, without "a strong common culture" a merger is doomed to failure. Moreover, without sufficient planning pre- and post-merger it is likely to be fruitless, benefiting only competitors, and no more than a short-term measure. The long-term consequences can be significant, eroding shareholder value and destroying stakeholders' interests.

Hewlett, son of one of the company's founders and a significant shareholder, argued that the merger would dilute HP's hugely successful printing operation with a far lower margin PC business.

About two-thirds cited bad planning and execution as the reasons for the mergers failing to fully realise their supposed potential.

The establishment of a 600-strong HP-Compaq integration office to plan and co-ordinate the merger allowed many changes to be executed without a hitch, while also establishing damage control over what was always going to be a messy process.

Some mergers are defensive, initiated because the companies involved are under threat: McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing because their main customer, the Pentagon, slashed expenditure by half. Mergers can also result from intensified globalisation: Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz because they were warned about their ability to prosper in a global business environment.
Mergers that are more likely to work are those with clear advantages in mind, rather than those aiming to minimise disadvantages.

When planning a merger, this is a good premise from which to launch. Some companies merge so that they can hide their losses, some to gain capital assets, some to gain intangible assets and intellectual property, and some to reduce competition; but successful companies are always clear about advantages and do not ignore dissent among stakeholders.

The real test of success is perhaps the extent to which a merger provides a platform for future development.

However, problems are common following business mergers, with 48% of merged companies underperforming in their industry after three years, according to a 1997 report by Mercer Management Consulting.

Fewer than 50% of mergers ever reach anywhere near the economic or strategic destination that was envisioned for them. In fact, in many cases the mergers fail because the new company's managers underestimated, ignored, or mishandled the integration tasks.

Three stages of the merger or acquisition process
i) Planning and preparation
Decision 1: decide your strategy.
Decision 2: identify and select targets.
Decision 3: decide specific objectives and understand how issues affect them.

ii) Due diligence
Decision 4: price and structure the deal.
Decision 5: negotiate the deal.

iii) Post-acquisition planning and integration
Decision 6: plan early to realise the benefits of the deal.
Post-acquisition integration decisions should take into account:
 the overall strategy of the business;
 the culture and management styles of the two organisations;
 issues of presentation, communication and understanding;
 customer-focused market issues–it may be a grand plan, but how will customers, current and potential, react? Can this be turned to the acquirer's advantage?
 people management issues, in particular motivation, empowerment and innovation;

Problems with the merger
1. Cultural issues.
2. Stakeholder issues.
3. Short-term issues.
4. Leadership issues.
5. Corporate identity and communications issues.
6. Potentially conflicting objectives.

So, is big beautiful?
Many commentators, such as management guru Tom Peters, view major mergers such as that between Daimler-Benz and Chrysler as a recipe for disaster. If a firm is strong, then a merger will introduce sources of weakness, or at best take attention and resources away from sources of strength. If a firm is weak, then it is better to focus on the sources of weakness rather than divert resources into negotiating and implementing a merger. There is an argument that rapidly enlarged businesses leave themselves open to leaner, quicker and less bureaucratic competitors.


C) Non-merger integration

One way to grow that does not involve merging is working more closely with other businesses in the same industry, through partnership deals, joint ventures or strategic alliances.

Integration can be vertical, involving organisations in the same industry but at different stages of the value chain (for example, PepsiCo linking up with restaurants that will sell its beverages). Vertical integration can provide businesses with greater control over the whole process of creating goods and or services and getting them to the customer.

In contrast, horizontal integration involves collaboration between organisations in the same industry; for example, a law firm in the United States forms alliances with law firms in many other countries in order to provide a more global service. Horizontal integration can provide economies of scale, as well as enhancing the size, expertise and credibility of both businesses.

The alliance must be structured so that it doesnot fall foul of antitrust laws and competition regulations, notably in Europe and the United States.

D) Diversification

Diversification involves a business moving into another area of activity. This can be either a new product in an existing market, for example an airline starting a low cost service, or a new product in a different market, for example an established airline buying a rail franchise and operating train services.

Diversification can be achieved with partners, as well as through the introduction of new finance, and can provide a number of benefits:
 Over-reliance, or even dependence, on a small group of customers is removed and risk is spread.
 The existing business can become more attractive, enhancing perception of the brand, customer service and market share.
 Market share in both businesses can be improved, as synergies and marketing offers can be exploited.
 There is some protection against changing fortunes in traditional markets which can result in short-term difficulties or long-term terminal decline.
 The effect of a market exit will be less damaging if you operate in other profitable markets.

Diversification can provide new opportunities for existing skills and spare capacity.
For example, an advertising agency may set up a video production company producing corporate videos because it has the necessary skills and resources. This is known as concentric diversification, where existing skills, customers and sales channels are at the core, but the applications broaden in concentric rings.

E) Specialisation

The opposite of diversification, specialisation involves dropping non-core activities, or even redefining and focusing on core operations. The main
advantages are a clear focus and strength in depth, with all available resources channelled into one endeavour. It also means that any cash available from the sale of non-core operations can be used to grow the business.


The perils of growth

Growth is difficult to manage and it depends on having the necessary cash. Because of the lag between the time investments are made and when they start repaying, it is crucial to maintain the support of financial backers, keeping them informed.

Growth can disrupt existing processes and organisational structures and working methods. If such growing pains are not remedied quickly, they can have serious consequences. The solution is to identify all the things about the current business that work well and must be retained, as well as what needs improving. Explaining plans to customers and suppliers will help allay any concerns that they have.

Competitors may see a change in strategy or structure as an opportunity to attack, perceiving the growth initiative either as a sign of weakness or possibly heralding a period of strength that requires a pre-emptive strike. Competitors may feel stung into action to preserve their market position. Furthermore, growth can signal that the sector is doing well, encouraging competitors to enter the market or broaden their activities. The solution is to keep a close eye on the market–speaking to customers, for example–and to take decisive action in the event of any moves by competitors.

Another problem associated with growth is rising costs, most frequently administration costs, if there is duplication (in the case of M&A) or if the
administrative function becomes overstretched and inefficient. Other reasons for rising costs include over- or under-shooting capacity, with either too much inventory or not enough. In any strategy for growth, it is important to increase awareness of the need for cost control.

Key questions

The following questions can help when determining a strategy for growth:
 Where are the most profitable parts of the business?
 What are the prospects in the short, medium and long term for those other potentially profitable parts?
 How precarious is the business? For example, does it rely on too few products, customers, suppliers, personnel or distribution channels?
 How clearly focused is the business? Is it overburdened with too many products, markets and initiatives, or is it running on empty with too few opportunities on which to capitalise?
 What is likely to be the best method of expansion, and is it affordable in terms of money, other resources and time?
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of expanding, and what must be done to achieve the benefits and avoid the pitfalls?
 What do people in the organisation see as the best options? What are their views of potential opportunities and difficulties?
 Is there the commitment to act decisively and consistently? Once set, the course needs to be rigorously followed. One of the greatest obstacles to growth is inertia.
 Do you understand how the changes will affect people? If employees feel threatened, disregarded or insecure, then no matter how sensible the decision and implementation it is likely to fail as people will not be sufficiently committed to it.
 What are the success criteria and performance measures? How will these be monitored?

When considering a merger or acquisition the following issues are relevant:
 How does the merger or acquisition fit with the business strategy?
 What are the main issues faced in making the deal a success? In particular, what decisions are needed, and how will they be reached?
 How will the best target be identified and decided upon? Are there other potential targets that would be better?
 How well is the deal structured? Is the price reasonable and likely to provide a realistic return?
 Where can you decide to compromise and what issues are non-negotiable?
 How has the integration of the target business been planned? What are the main priorities and intended benefits, and how swiftly will these be realised?
 How might issues of organisational culture affect the deal? How can you limit any negative effects–or, ideally, build on the cultural fusion?
 Who is responsible for planning and communicating the deal, selling its benefits and establishing the identity and focus of the new business? How will they achieve this?
 Have issues of corporate identity and communication been considered?
 Is the leadership behind the deal ready to make the necessary decisions that will make or break it?


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Wednesday, July 30, 2008

Pelajaran - Sales Questions That Close Every Deal


Book ID: BSMS645324
Category: Sales, Marketing & Brand Management
Book Title: Sales Questions That Close Every Deal—1,000 Field-Tested Questions to Increase your Profits
Authors: Gerhard Gschwandtner and Donald J. Moine
Publication Year: 2007



Chapter 3: Probing for Prospect's Needs

Finding Your Prospect's Expectations

1. If there were an ideal solution to this problem, what would it be?
2. If I had a magic wand and I could give you the ideal product, what would it be like?
3. What criteria have you set for evaluating this type of product (service)?
4. What kind of service and support would you like to see to take care of your needs for the next five years?
5. What do you expect us to do to solve your problem in a way that will completely satisfy you?
6. What do we have to do to make you completely happy?
7. What type of features do you expect from a product like this?
8. Could you tell me the three top features you would like to see in this product?
9. What are the major benefits you are looking for?
10. I am sure you have given this purchase a lot of thought. What items have you put on your "wish list"?
11. Would you be able to tell me exactly what specific criteria you are looking for?
12. Could you describe the type of features you had in mind?
13. What are the most essential points we need to consider?
14. If you could get the machine of your dreams, what would it be like?
15. If price were no object, what would be the ideal solution to this problem?
16. What would your ideal computer be able to do?
17. Can you tell me all the features that you are not interested in having?
18. When you and your management team talked about that investment, what were the criteria that they felt were absolutely essential?
19. Is there anything at all we left off your list of features that you need to have?
20. Which price range best fits your budget?
21. What are your requirements in terms of financing?
22. Would you expect this to last a little longer than the one you purchased previously?
23. Ideally, what do you expect in terms of service?
24. What do we need to do to make you a customer for life?
25. What kind of price were you expecting to pay?
26. What price range did you have in mind?
27. What sort of financing deal were you expecting?
28. What kinds of tax benefits are you most interested in?
29. Are you expecting us to arrange for shipping?
30. How much horsepower do you need?
31. Do you need extensive training, or just a brief orientation after delivery?
32. Were you planning to pay for this purchase all up-front, or were you planning to finance this purchase?
33. Do you expect to make a decision soon?
34. For how many years do you expect to use this product?
35. Are you planning to make this decision sometime this week?
36. You know your operation better than me. Would you share with me what your requirements are?
37. How can we help you to avoid such a problem in the future? What do you expect from us to solve your operator-training problems?
38. You are the expert in the company. Based on all of your years of work with this company, what would you say you need to get the job done?
39. You know your company's financial position better than anyone. What would you say the budget is for an expenditure like this?
40. You are a known authority in this area. If you could get the perfect product, what would it look like? What would it be able to do without breaking your budget?
41. You know your company's policies better than anyone. How do they look at foreign manufactured goods? Do they expect this _______ to be 100 percent American made?
42. I trust and value your opinion. What is the one thing, the one problem, we should avoid at all costs?
43. Since we talked last, what has changed in your expectations?



Identifying Buying Motives

1. How much is this problem costing you now?
2. What would be the consequences of not making this investment?
3. What would happen to your productivity if you didn't buy this machine?
4. How important is it to you to solve this problem quickly?
5. How much longer can you put this off?
6. Is it important to you to get an advantage over the competition?
7. How important is it to you to own the very finest product available?
8. How important is it to you to get the most respected and most experienced company to support you?
9. You mentioned that quality is very important to you. I was wondering, why did you put "quality" on top of your list?
10. What is the most important reason that speaks in favor of buying this product?
11. Which one of these three features is the most important one to you?
12. What is it that you like about this product?
13. Without regard to price, which model do you think is the best? Why?
14. You mentioned that performance is important to you. What made you say that?
15. What would happen to you if you didn't make this investment?
16. Could you tell me how your operation will change as a result of having this product?
17. What is it that you like most about this type of machine? Why?
18. How important is it to you to have higher speed?
19. You mentioned that there were several requirements. Which one is the most important to you? Which one would you rank in second place?
20. When you look at maintenance costs and ease of operation, which of these would be more important to you?
21. Obviously price and quality are important. Is there anything else that outweighs these two?
22. Could you tell me your top two choices from this catalog? Why did you choose these?
23. I'd like to get your objective opinion on this. What would you consider the strongest points of this product? Why?
24. It sounds like you are leaning toward the larger model because the extra safety features are important to you. Am I reading you correctly?


Understanding Key Words

1. You mentioned that you are interested in "higher quality." What exactly do you mean by that?
2. You told me earlier that you are looking for a "longer-lasting" product. How long would it have to last?
3. You expressed an interest in "value." What kind of value are you looking for?
4. You feel that a "stronger guarantee" is very important to you. What would you consider the essentials of a strong guarantee?
5. You just used the term "reliability." Can you tell me exactly what "reliability" means to you?
6. Could you give me an example of what you mean by "more productive"?
7. What did you have in mind when you mentioned "easy access"?
8. You mentioned you had a need for a "better product." Better in what way?
9. I was wondering, how do you measure "productivity"?
10. How soon is "soon" to you?
11. How quick is "quick" to you? How many days is that?
12. What exactly do you mean by "lower interest"?
13. How long would you like this "extended payment term" to be?
14. When you say you want a "powerful" engine for this unit, how much horsepower do you need?
15. You say that your system should be "easy to expand." What do you mean by that?
16. You told me that you want a boat that is "easily transportable." How do you define that?
17. You mentioned that you would want to have a second unit "sometime in the future." How many years are we talking about?
18. You said that you wanted a "simple" product. How simple would it have to be?
19. You said that you would be willing to pay "a little extra" for the design. How much extra?
20. I remember your talking about your budget being "limited." What exactly do you mean by that? How much would you be able to invest?
21. You said that you would be interested "in larger storage capacity." How much square footage would you require to meet your needs?


Chapter 5: Handling Objections with Questions

Isolating the Objection

1. Is that the only reason holding you back from owning this product?
2. Other than that, is there any other reason you can think of that would speak against this purchase?
3. Suppose that speed were not a problem. Would there be any other reason against installing this model?
4. Suppose we could solve the financing problem to your satisfaction. Would you go ahead with this purchase?
5. Suppose we could find a satisfactory solution to this important concern of yours. Would you give the go-ahead to this project?
6. Just suppose we could solve the operating problem. Would there be any reason against buying this machine?
7. Just suppose we could find a way to improve the quality. Would you ask us to be your supplier?
8. I know you have been considering this model for a long time. Just suppose we could meet your need for lower payments. Would there be any other reason why you would not get one today?
9. If we were lower, would you buy right now?
10. If this problem did not exist, would you sign the order at this time?
11. Is this the only problem that is holding you back?
12. If we can solve this problem right now, will you buy it now?
13. Is this the only concern you have about this purchase?
14. Obviously you have been thinking long and hard about this. What other concerns do you have?
15. Before I answer your question, are there any other concerns that are holding you back from enjoying this product?
16. Besides _____, what else are you concerned with?
17. I am glad you brought that up. Is that your most important concern?
18. Is there anything else besides _____ that would prevent you from buying this?
19. Are you saying that if we can find a way to meet your needs for a lower down payment, we have a deal?
20. Are you saying that if we get you a maintenance agreement that includes the costs for parts, we have a deal?

Understanding Reasons Behind the Objection

1. I am surprised to hear you say that. What do you mean by "too high"?
2. Obviously you must have a reason for saying that. Would you mind if I asked what it is?
3. That's an interesting point. What makes you say that?
4. What do you mean by "too complicated"?
5. Could you tell me the reasons for and against making a decision at this time?
6. What seems to be the reason behind your plant manager's rejecting our specifications?
7. Could you explain why your expansion plans have been put on hold?
8. You obviously feel very strongly about that. What triggers such a strong reaction?
9. Of course, you want to talk this over with your partner. What items will you be discussing with him?
10. I understand that this is a difficult decision for you. What are some of the reasons that speak for and against buying this model?
11. Would you mind explaining to me why you feel that way?
12. Is there something that is not being expressed here? Why do I get the feeling that you are not as enthusiastic about this product as you have been?
13. Would you mind explaining to me why your colleague feels that way?
14. You have been very quiet. Would you mind telling me what you are thinking about?
15. You don't seem to have as much urgency on this project as you had before. Could you tell me what happened between our last visit and now?
16. Suppose we could find a way to get around the financing question. Would there be any reason against going ahead with this purchase?
17. I understand that you need more time to think. I'd like to help you. What exactly do you need to think about?
18. That is an interesting point. Why do you bring that up?
19. I very rarely have someone ask about that. What made you bring that up?

Answering Objections with Questions

1. Would you agree that it takes information, not time, to make a decision? What kind of information are you really looking for to make a good decision?
2. You know, the rotary telephone looked complicated to people who never owned a telephone before. Is it possible that our product only looks complicated to you?
3. I agree. Our price is a little higher, but so is our quality. Are you interested in saving $1,200 a year on maintenance?
4. Sure, it costs a little more. However, you have the assurance that it will cost much less over its lifetime. Isn't that the way your own products are made?
5. Would you agree that the quality of a product is remembered much longer than the price?
6. Would you agree that the sweetness of low price is quickly forgotten when you have to deal every day with the bitterness of low quality?
7. You and I know that the true price of this machine is determined by the amount of production work you can get out of it. Wouldn't you agree with that?
8. That brings up a question. Is low price more important than the life of the product?
9. That brings up a question. What is more important to you—to save a few hundred dollars now on a lower price, or to save a few thousand dollars over the lifetime of this high-quality product?
10. I understand how you feel about price, but would you tell me how you feel about our quality? 11. That brings up a question. How important is it to you to have a reliable machine and a reliable dealer standing behind that product on the rare occasions when you do need service?
12. Your point is well taken. It does cost more than any other product on the market. But why do you think we sell millions of them at these very same prices?
13. I appreciate how you feel. Many of my customers have made similar comments prior to buying from me. However, they all asked themselves: Can I afford not to have the best? Won't it cost me more in the long run?
14. I personally feel that the price is too low for what you are getting. Do you think that all these satisfied owners would have bought from us if they had not checked out the incredible cost savings they get with this service? Would you like to talk to some of the people who were in a similar situation as you are now?
15. It looks expensive, but don't you think this is an advantage?
16. I understand that you want to take more time to think about this purchase. But, may I ask you a question? What will change tomorrow? What will you gain by waiting?And what will you lose by not taking advantage of this opportunity?
17. Do you know the definition of a "procrastinator"? Someone who can't take "now" for an answer. Let me ask you a question: Is there any logical reason you could not say yes right now?
18. That brings up a question. What are the advantages of waiting, and what are the advantages of buying right now?
19. Imagine what this product could do if you had it right now. Think of the time savings. Think of the increased productivity. Think of the pride of ownership. Think of the happy faces on your employees. Would you want to say no to them, just because of a little hesitation about the down payment?
20. Aren't you exaggerating a little bit? Aren't you saying that you deserve the very best after the many years of hard work you have been putting into this business?

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Thursday, July 17, 2008

KuTenk 2000 - Toko Buku Online Murah, Lengkap & Berkualitas!!


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Saturday, May 31, 2008

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